Urban runoff: its significance, chemical characteristics, and possible chemical treatment
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15626/Eco-Tech.2007.079Keywords:
Urban runoff; Chemical characterization; Trace metals; Urban environment.Abstract
Most of the countries around the world including Singapore are becoming water scarce,
Limited fresh water resources and growing demand of water in urban areas have intensified
the search for non-conventional water resources, For countries like Singapore, which receives
copious rainfall, the use of stormwater (rainfall which runs off urban areas such as roofs,
roads, and vegetated surfaces) has the potential to enhance urban water supply, However,
using urban landscape as catchments has its inherent challenges, Human activities introduce
chemical and biological contaminants of different types into the urban runoff, affecting its
quality significantly. Environmentally-friendly as well as cost-effective treatment
technologies are needed to treat urban runoff at points of collection so that the treated
storn1water can be used for a range of practical applications,
In order to identify the most appropriate treatment technology, it is necessary to have detailed
information on the physical and chemical characteristics of urban runoff collected at a
network of urban sites, As these characteristics of urban runoff largely depend on land use
patterns, stormwater samples have been collected in this study from various land use sectors
using automated samplers and subsequently processed in the laboratory to establish their
chemical characteristics mainly in terms of trace metals, and organic compounds. Results
obtained from the chemical characterization work are presented followed by the discussion on
the potential of enhancing urban runoff quality through chemical treatment with a strong
oxidant having multiple functions including coagulation, flocculation, and disinfection.
Metrics
References
Barrett, MEa, I rish J r., L.aB, Malinia J r., J.F, Charbenuea, R.Ja. 1998a. Characterization of highway runoff in Austin, Texas, Area. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 124( 2), 131- 137,
Davis A. P. , Shokouhian M. , Ni S. 2001. Loading Estimates of Lead, Copper, Cadmium and Zinc in Urban Runoff from Specific Sources. Chemosphere 44, 997-1009. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(00)00561-0
Metre, P.C V,, Mahler, B.J ., 2003, The contribution of particles washed from rooftops to contaminant loading to urban streams. Chemosphere. 52, 1727-1741. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00454-5
Granier, L. , Chevreuil, M. , Carru, A.M. , Letolle, R. , 1990. Urban Runoff Pollution by Organochlorines ( Polychlorinated Byphenyls and Lindane) and Heavy Metals ( Lead, Z inc and Chromium). Chemosphere 21(a9), 1101-1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(90)90131-C
Polkowska, Z., G orecki, T. , Namiesnik, J., 2002. Quality of roof runoff waters from an urban region ( Gdansk, Poland), Chemosphcare 49, 1275-1283. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00611-2
Karthikeyan, S. , Balasubramanian, R. , 2006. lnterlaboratory study to improve the quality of trace element determinations in rainwater. Analytica Chemica Acta 576( 1), 9- 16.
HatJae, Y.a, Rae. K., Birch, G.F., 2001a. Trace metal and total suspended solids concentrations in freshwater: the importaance of small-scale temporal variation. J. of Enviroan, Monitoring 3, 251-256. https://doi.org/10.1039/B008457N
Makepeace, D.K., Smith, D.W. , Stanley, S,J,, 1995, Urban stormwater quality: summary of contaminant data. Critical Reviews in E nviron. Sci. & Techno. 25(2 ), 93-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/10643389509388476
Byrne, C.J ., Deleon, I.R. , 1987. Contributions of Heavy Metals from Municipal Runoff to the Sediments of Lake Pontchartrain, Lousisiana. Chcamosphere 16( 10-12 ), 2579- 2583. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-6535(87)90316-X
Rocher, Y. , Azimi, S. , G asperi, J., Beuvin, L., Muller, M. , Moilleron, R, , Chebbo, G., 2004. Hydrocarbons and Metals in Atomopheric Deposition and Roof Runoff in Central Paris. Water, Air & Soil Pollution 159, 67-86. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:WATE.0000049165.12410.98
Rule, K.L., Comber, S .D.W., Ross, D, , Thornton, A. , Makropoulos, C.K., Rautiu, R. , 2006, Diffuse sources of heavy metals entering an urban wastewater Catchment, Chemosphere 63, 64-72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.07.052
Hu, G.P,, Balasubramanian, R.a, 2003. Wet deposition of trace metals in Singapore, Water, Air & Soil Pollution 144, 285-300. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1022921418383
Gray, C.W,, McLaaren, R.G ., 2006. Soil factors affecting heavy metal solubility in some New Zealand soils. Water Air and Soil Pollution 175 (1 -4), 3-14, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-005-9045-2
USEPA, 1992 , Methods for the determination of metals in environmental sam ples, U .S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati,
Grynkiewicz, M, , Polkowska, Z., Namiesnik, J., 2002. Detennaination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in bulk precipitation and runoff waters in an urban region (Poland). Atmospheric Environment 36, 361-369,
Ogunfowokan, A,O. , Olabode, I. A. , Olalekan, S. F. , 2003. Isolation and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surfaace runoff and sediments, Water, Air and Soil Pollution 147, 245 -261. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024573211382
Zhu, L.Z., Chen, B, L., Wang, J,, Shen, H .X., 2004. Pollution survey of polycyclic a romatic hydrocarbons in surfaace water of Hangzhou, China. Chemosphere 56, 1085 -1095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.05.025
Motelay-Massei, A.a, B.a, Garban, K, , Tiphagne-larcher, M,a, Chcavreuil, D.a, Ollivon.a, 2006, Mass balance for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the urban watershed of Le Haver (France): Transport and fate of PAHas from the atmosphere to the outlet. Water Research 40, 1995-2006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2006.03.015
Shann a, V. K., Futaba K azama F. , Hu Jiangyong H., .Ray A,K, , 2005, Ferrales (iron(VI) and iron(V)): Environmentally friendly oxidants and disinfectants. Journal of water and health 3 (1), 45 - 58,
USEPA, 2006, Emerging Technologies for Biosolids Management. E PA 8 32 -R-06- 005 , pp. 4-22
Eng, Y .Y., S harma, V.K., Ray, A,K, , 2006, Ferratc (YI): Green chemistry oxidant for degradation of cationic surfactant. Chemosphere 63, 1785-1790. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.08.062
Hu, J.Y., Sharma, Y.K., Tint, M. L., Ong, S. L. , 2 004. Oxidation of hormonal estrogens by potassium ferrate (VI), In: Sharma, Y.K., J iang, J.-Q., Bouzek, K. (Eds.), Innovative Ferratc (YI) Technology in Water and Wastewater Treatment, pp. 102- 108.
Jiang, J,-W, , Y in, Q,, Zhou, J.L., Pearce, P. , 2005 . Occurrence and treatment trials of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDC s) in wastewater. C hemosphere 61 , 544- 550.
Sharma, V,K., Mishra, S,K,, 2006, Ferrate (YI) oxidation of ibuprofen: a kinetic study. Environ. Chem. Lett. , 3(4), 182 -185.
Sharma, V.K., Mishra, S.K., Ray, A.K., 2006. Kinetic assessment of potassium ferrate (VI) oxidation of antibacterial drug, sulfamethoxazole. Chemosphere (62), 128-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2005.03.095
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2007 Umid Man Joshi, Rajasekhar Balasubramanian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
