Water reclamation & phyto -technologies
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15626/Eco-Tech.2005.035Abstract
In this paper conventional and innovative phyto-technologies, applied on different kinds of
polluted waters to obtain their safe reuse, are showed. Today, the last frontier of
environmental recovery in the world is: Water Reclamation. Most important targets of water
reclamation are: recover and reuse wastewaters in safety, freshwater aquifer recharge, public
health protection, and new economic viable source. There are a lot of technologies to treat
different kinds of wastewaters (urban, industrial, zootechnical, etc), but conventional
technologies able to treat, recover and reuse wastewaters in the same time, are very few and so
expensive that the cost of recovered water is no sustainable by public administrations; overall
in the developing countries in Africa, Asia, South and Centre America (F AO-WHO).
In the latest years, phyto-technologies proved their efficiency in the wastewater reclamation
and their cheap and easy way to be built and maintained. The phyto-technologies experiences
shown in this paper are applied on polluted waters from industries and agroindustries, pig
feedlot, towns, and polluted water of rivers and/or lakes. The paper is completed with
analytical data and results; compared with national and/or international (F AO-WHO) law
limits for reclaimed waters; and building and maintenance costs, compared with conventional
activated sludge systems.
We speak about projects financed by public administrations or international organizations
(F AO-European Union) and realized to reclaim and reuse treated wastewaters using
conventional and/or advanced phytoremediation technologies. All this has opened a new
cheap and easy way, to reuse in safety treated waters, to protect environment, and to control
fresh water pollution.
Metrics
References
American Water Works Association, 1994, Dual Water Systems, Manual of Water Supply Practices, A WW A Manual M24, II edition, Denver, Colorado,
Bonomo L, Nurizzo C,, Rolle E,, I 998, Advanced wastewater treatment and reuse: related problems and perspectives in Italy, II International Conference: Advanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse, Milano, Italy,
Chan, E,, Bursztynsky, TA, Hantzsche, N,, Litwin, Y.J,, 1982, The Use of Wetlands for Water Pollution Control, US EPA Report EPA-600/2-82-086, Municipal Environmental Research Lab, Cincinnati, Ohio.
De Maeseneer, J., Cooper, P., 1997, Vertical versus Horizontal-Flow Beds for treatment of domestic and similar waters, IA WQ Specialist Group on the use of macrophytes in water pollution control. News/el/er I 6, 1 4-20.
Gersberg R,M,. Elkins, B.V ,, Goldman, C,R., 1983. Nitrogen Removal in Artificial Wetlands, Water Res, 17, 1009-1014, https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(83)90041-6
Giannotti M,, I 988. Phyto-depuration: an efficacious biological system, AES, Milano, Italy, pp, 19-23,
Giannotti M., 1990. Biological approach to sewages depuration: present status and prospects, International Symposium, Perugia, Italy,
Giannotti M. , 1990, Integrated System of Phyto-depuration - ISP. Biology Today - Year IV, N, 4 October-December.
Giannotti M., 1992 , Wastewater and activated sludge treatments and discharge: laws and technologies, Working Conference, Milano, Italy, pp, 431,
Giannotti M., 1993, Wastewater and activated sludge treatments. Working Conference, Milano, Italy, pp, 128,
Giannotti M., I 998, Organic Sewage Conventional Treatments. FAO: Taller Internacional sabre gestion de la calidad de! agua y control de la contaminacion en America Latina - Arica, Chile,
Giannotti M., 1998. Water Reclamation Using the Integrated System of Phytodepuration. FAO: Taller Internacional sabre gestion de la calidad del agua y control de la contaminacion en America Latina, Arica, Chile.
Giannotti M. , 1999. Organic Sewages Treatment with Reference to the Urban Sewages. FAO: Regional Workshop on water quality management and control of water pollution in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand,
Giannotti M., 1999. Integrated System of Phyto-depuration Applied to the Agro - Industries Wastewaters. FAO: Regional Workshop on water quality management and control of water pollution in Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand.
Giannotti M., 2000. Organic Sewages Treatment Using the Integrated System of Phytodepuration, F AO: Regional workshop on water quality management and pollution control - II Cairo, Egypt.
Giannotti M., 2005, Water Reclalamtion and Phyto-technologies. Guidelines on the most suitable phyto-technologies for the treatment, recovery and reuse of polluted water.
Kadlec, R.H. , Brix, H. (eds.), I 995. Wetlands Systems for Water Pollution Control. (Proceedings of the 4th Internat Conf) Wat. Sci. Tech 32(3).
National Academy of Sciences, 1980. Drinking Water and Health, voL2, Washington, DC
National Research Council, 1998, Issues in Potable Reuse, National Academy Press, Washington, DC
Okun, D.A. , 1998. Wastewater reclamation as an additional source of water: targets for reuse. II International Conference: Adavanced Wastewater Treatment, Recycling and Reuse, Milano, Italy,
Reddy, K.R. , Smith, W.H. (ed.) 1987. Aquatic Plants for Wastewater Treatment and Resource Recovery, Magnolia Publishing, Orlando, Florida.
Stowell R. , Tchobanoglous G. , Colt J. , Knight A. The use of aquatic plants and animals for the treatment of wastewater. Departements of Civil Engineering and Land. Air, and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, pp, 639-645,
U,S, Environmental Protection Agency, 1992. Guidelines for water reuse, EPN625/R92/004, Washington, DC.
Vymazal, J., Brix, H. , Cooper, P.F., Green, M.B. , Haber!, R. , Eds., 1998. Constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment in Europe. Backhuys Publishers, Leiden,
World Health Organisation, 1989. Health guidelines for the use of wastewater in agriculture and aquaculture, Technical Support Series 778, Geneva,
World Health Organisation, 1993, Guidelines for drinking water. VoLl Recommendations, Geneva.
FAO water report, 1997, Quality control of wastewater for irrigated crop production, edited by D.W. Westcot
FAO irrigation and drainage paper, 1 992 . Wastewater treatment and use in agriculture. M.B. Pescod. N. 47, Roma, Italy
Published
Issue
Section
